South Sudanese should value to peace

Tesfaye Lemma

It is known that South Sudan gained its independency in July 2011 based on the 2005 agreement ending the country’s civil war. It is now one of the most diverse countries in Africa and it is home to over 60 different major ethnic groups. However, conflict hasn’t come to an end yet. Just right after a few years, the country was engaged in a severe civil war. The war in 2013-2015 not only displaced more than 2.2 million Sudanese but also retarded the country’s socio-economic and political situation.

According to World Bank reports, the Republic of South Sudan became the world’s newest nation and Africa’s 55th country on July 9, 2011, following a peaceful secession from the Sudan through a referendum in January 2011.

It has the dual challenge of dealing with the legacy of more than 50 years of conflict and continued instability, along with huge development needs. In fact, formal institutions are being built from a very low base and the capacity of government to formulate policy and implement programs was limited, but growing. It has significant oil wealth, which if effectively used to drive development, could provide the basis for its development.

However, a new conflict erupted. The two-year long conflict, which broke out in Juba in December 2013 deteriorated development gains achieved since independence and worsened the humanitarian situation. Despite the vast and largely untapped natural resources of the country, it remains relatively undeveloped, characterized by a subsistence economy. It is the most oil-dependent country in the world, with oil accounting for almost the totality of exports, and around 60 per cent of its gross domestic product.

Documents from World Bank indicated that the country’s growth domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2014 was $1,111. Outside the oil sector, livelihoods are concentrated in low productive, unpaid agriculture and pastoralists work, accounting for around 15 per cent of GDP. In fact, 85 per cent of the working population is engaged in non-wage work, chiefly in agriculture.

The incidence of poverty has worsened, from 44.7 per cent in 2011 to more than 58.5 per cent in 2015, with a corresponding increase in the depth of poverty that the country’s economy is one of the weakest and most underdeveloped, the report added.

South Sudan also contains many natural resources such as petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, and hydropower.  It was producing 85 per cent of Sudanese oil output before its independence.  The oil revenues were to be split equally as it relies on pipelines, refineries and port facilities in North Sudan.

In recent years, a significant amount of foreign-based oil drilling has begun in South Sudan, raising the land's geopolitical profile.  The people are suffering due to the inability or unwillingness of the warring factions to make peace. It is a miserable experience that over 100,000 civilians are given food aid air-dropped by the World Food Program.  South Sudan has become an aid-dependent entity, bringing necessary questions about the sustainability of this arrangement. The ability for states to survive principally from the support of governments, donors or corporations looking to turn a profit is doubtful.

In December 2013 an internal power struggle within the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement quickly degenerated into an outright conflict. Talks mediated by the Inter Governmental Authority on Development repeatedly failed to produce a permanent ceasefire.

In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between President Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar. The president accused Mr. Machar and ten others of attempting a coup d'état. Machar denied trying to start a coup and fled, calling for Kiir to resign. Fighting broke out between the SPLM and the SPLM – in opposition, igniting the civil war. More than a million people have fled their homes since fighting broke out between government and rebel forces. President Salva Kiir says it was a coup attempt, blaming soldiers loyal to former Vice-President Riek Machar for the trouble, but Mr Machar denies this. Up to 300,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the war, including notable atrocities such as the 2014 Bentiu massacre.

Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside South Sudanese government forces against the rebels. In January 2014 the first ceasefire agreement was reached. Fighting still continued and would be followed by several more ceasefire agreements.

Ethiopia has been playing an indispensible role in bringing the two warring parts to a peace deal.  In 2015, a peace agreement was signed that envisages transitional justice, accountability, local and national reconciliation, and healing mechanisms as issues to be addressed.  The peace agreement was signed in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for both sides in August 2015. Machar returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice president.  

In early 2016, following two years of extreme violence, a new government was voted into power. Relative calm has been restored in some parts of the country but tensions remain high, as the underlying causes of the conflict and effects of violence have not yet been addressed.

The country’s situations have now become worse despite all efforts to ensure lasting peace in South Sudan. In fact, the country is strict to realize the economic integration as it envisioned to join the middle income countries in the shortest possible time. This could be done if all countries in the region are integrated economically. This is possible if and only peace and stability is guaranteed. Recognizant of that fact, the government of Ethiopia has been exerting a consolidated effort to integrate the region.

In this regard the Ethiopian government has been playing a leading role in anti-terrorism campaign in the Horn of Africa especially in Somalia and South Sudan.   The government of Ethiopia is determined to continue its peace efforts in South Sudan. Besides, it has been hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees.  The African Union and the United Nations Security Council have Ethiopian have been striving to help South Sudan brothers for the past three consecutive years

Ethiopia is strict to realize the economic integration as it envisioned to join the middle income countries in the shortest possible time. This could be done if all countries in the region are integrated economically. This is possible if and only peace and stability is guaranteed. Recognizant of that fact, the government of Ethiopia has been exerting a consolidated effort to integrate the regional economy and create a peaceful region.